Super Sensitive Intruder Alarm

Super Sensitive Intruder Alarm In the project first I will have do research for three or more circuit which have at least three active components. I will do the research by using the internet, books, magazines etc. After the research I will choose the circuit which I think is simple and easy for me to do my project on. I will do further research on the chosen circuit to understands how it works and how the components work. So when I start to making the project I will be able to deal with the faults if I find any in the circuit. Circuit 1 Fire alarm This circuit is used is used when a fire occurs. The circuit relies on the smoke produced in the event of fire. The light which falls on LRD decreases when the smoke passes between bulb and LDR. This increases the resistance of the LDR and the voltage increases at the base of transistor. Then the supply to COB is complete to set off the alarm. The sensitivity of the circuit is the distance between bulb LDR and it can also be preset setting of VR1. Reference: http://english.cxem.net/home/home36.php Circuit 2 Fire alarm The 555 timer (IC1) is an oscillator at audio frequency which is configured to run freely. The T1 and T2 (transistors) build IC1 value. The pin 3 of IC1 is couples to the base of transistor, which makes the speaker to make the alarm go off. The thermistor is the key to the alarm. Also when the resistance is low and the temperature is high the alarm will sound. The frequency of NE555 depends on the values of resistances R5 and R6 and capacitance C2. The circuit can be powered from a 6V battery or a 6V power supply. The thermistor can be mounted on a heat resistant material like mica to prevent it from damage due to excessive heat. The LED acts as an indication when the power supply is switched ON. Reference: http://www.circuitstoday.com/2008/04/30 Circuit 3 super sensitive intruder alarm In this circuit the alarm will set off when the shadow of an intruder passing few meters nearby the circuit is enough to trigger the alarm. IC2 uA 741 is wired as sensitive comparator; its set point is by R6 and R7. The voltage divide by LDR and R9 is given at non inverting pin of IC2. When there is an intruder near by or close to the LDR the shadow will make the resistance to increase. In that case the voltages at the inputs of comparator will be different and the out put of IC2 will be low. There fore the Q1 will turn on. This makes a negative going pulse to trigger the IC1 which is wired as a mono-stable multi-vibrator. The out put of IC1 will be amplified by Q2 (SL 100) to produce alarm. The LDR can be housed in a dark tube to increase sensitivity. The sensitivity is very important here. If you cannot adjust the required sensitivity properly, use one LOW resistance (~1K) POT in series with R9 for fine adjustment. Reference: http://www.circuitstoday.com/super-sensitive-intruder-alarm Choosing circuit: The circuits have done research on are very simple and interesting. The circuit I am going to do for my project is the intruder alarm circuit. The components in the circuit are simple and I have used them in the past. I understand how the components work and how the components behave so it will be easy for me to make the circuit. I can also make the other two circuits but they are not as simple as the intruder alarm circuit and they have components which havent used before. Components list LABEL COMPONENTS QUANTITY R1, R2, R3 R5 1k ohm resistors 4 R4 1M resistor 1 R6 R7 10 k ohm resistors 2 R8 LDR 1 R9 47k potential meter 1 D1 LED 1 IC2 Operational amplifier uA741 1 IC1 555 timer 1 Q1 PNP transistor BC 157 1 Q2 NPN transistor SL100 1 C1 Capacitor 0.01 uF 1 C2 Capacitor 10 uF 25v 1 K1 Buzzer 1 Three subsystems and active component s Subsystem 1 Operational amplifier uA741 An operational amplifier is usually said as an op-amp. Its a DC coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier, with deferential inputs but its usually a single output controlled by negative feedback which determines magnitudes of its output voltage gain, and has high input impedance, low output impedance. Used with split supply, usually +/- 15V. The most common and most famous op-amp is the mA741C or just 741, which is packaged in an 8-pin mini-DIP. The integrated circuit contains 20 transistors and 11 resistors Pin layout Feature Large input voltage range No latch-up High gain Short-circuit protection no frequency compensation Subsystem 2 PNP transistor Transistor PNP it consists of two P-N junctions transistor back to back like this: The arrows are there to represent the conventional flowing of current from positive to negative. Some semiconductors have an excess of electrons, n-type material that is due to doping of the semiconductors, while others have a deficiency of electrons called holes, they are found in P-type materials. When base emitter voltage is about 0.7 v, thats when the transistors conducts. Current are controlled by transistors devices. The bigger the base-emitter current, the bigger the collector-emitter current. The transistors are used as: an amplifier or a solid state switch. Pin layout Subsystem 3 NE555 timer 555 timers is an extremely stable regulator which is capable of producing precise time delays. In the time delay process the time is controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. The frequency and the cycle are controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor for a stable operation as an oscillator. The output can drop down to 200mA. FEATURES Turn-off time less than 2 ms Max. operating frequency greater than 500 kHz Timing from microseconds to hours Operates in both a-stable and mono-stable modes High output current Adjustable duty cycle TTL compatible Temperature stability of 0.005% per  °C Pin configuration Specification Input voltage 0-9V Output source sound and light Num of functions 1 Product design Intruder alarm Reliability good quality Technical functionality Sense shadows of intruder Process The circuit is able to sense intruders shadow and make the alarm go off. Scale of operation Normal Size length 20cm x 8 cm, height 2cm Capability It only takes 1 action Cost  £5 Quality standards has to meet the health and safety act of 1974 Legislation Health and safety at work act 1974 Timescales 18 weeks Physical and human resource implications the circuit that can be built manually. It will be built Using breadboards and components or with the use of circuit wizard. Other components LED When LED is forward bias then it going to emit lights and converts electrical energy to light. Capacitor The capacitor is a component to stores up electronic charge and releases when its needed. Capacitor comes in massive range of sizes and types for to be used in adaptable power, conditioning, smoothing and isolating signals. They are made from various materials and all the electronic system uses them. Capacitor Symbol = C, Unit = Farads Charge Symbol = Q, Unit = Coulombs Potential difference = V, Units = Volts The capacitor can charge and discharge quickly. Its made of two plates separated by an insulator or air. When a plate is charged the other plate is charged oppositely. The charge can build up and remain after the current is gone. Materials in capacitor 6 volt battery Two large electrolytic capacitors, 1000  µF minimum (Radio Shack catalogue # 272-1019, 272-1032, or equivalent) Two 1 kÃŽÂ © resistors One toggle switch, SPST (Single-Pole, Single-Throw) Resistor A resistor is a passive electrical component which controls the flow of current. There are two types of resistor one is called fixed resistor and the other is called variable resistor. The resistance of a resistor is measured in ohms and it can be measured by colour coding band and measurement. Potentiometer (pot) This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It regulates the voltage in the circuit. Light dependent resistor (LDR) Its an electrical component which converts brightness (light) to resistance. The LDR depends on the intensity of light for its value. Buzzer Its an electrical device that produces and buzzing sounds when a signal has been received. Testing the circuit I first built the circuit on circuit wizard. I put all the components out the page first then I connected all the components and added ground to the circuit. Then I played the circuit which shows the circuit is working perfectly because the Led lit up and the buzzer went off when I turned on the circuit. This shows that all the components are working correctly and there are no faults in the circuit. Safe working procedures Every activity must be carried out in accordance with a developed Safe Working Practice. This will be validated by means of a Risk Assessment. The control measures identified in the risk assessment shall form the basis for the written Safe Working Practice. Consider what must be done before the task starts, How the task is done, what training is needed What competence is required or certification? The action to be taken when the task is complete. Five steps for risks assessment and hazard Identify the hazards Wire cutter sharp edges Long nose pliers sharp edge Components sharp edge from components Decide who might be harmed and how The person who is using equipment will get hurt by cutting them themselves and The people who are around the work could get hurt by leaning on to a sharp component. Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution The risks are very similar, there are all involved with sharp edges. The user of the equipment could get hurt by losing concentration and accidently cut their finger. The precautions would be to always have full concentration when cutting wires and the user should make sure they are careful when cutting the wires and keeping their fingers away from the sharp edges. Record your findings and implement them The results of my risk assessment are that most people are cutting their fingers as they cut the wires. The reason behind that is people are not concentrating when using the wire cutters and pliers. To avoid these risks there should not be more then two people in the workshop. When there are lots of people in the workshop the users could lose their concentration easily. Review your assessment and update if necessary To review the risk assessment I have decided to update the wire cutter with a wire cutting machine so when people use it they wont cut their fingers. PPE PPE refers to protective clothing and other devices that are designed to protect an individual while in potentially dangerous areas or performing potentially hazardous operations. Examples of PPE include gloves, hard hat, steel toed boots, and safety glasses. Making the subsystems This is the first subsystem where the operational amplifier uA741 is. It also had LDR, pot and two resistors. I connected the circuit with black wiring to the negative and red wiring to the positive. This is my second subsystem where the BC157 NPN transistor is at. It also had components such as resistors and LED. As I connected the first subsystems wiring with black to negative and red to positive I continued to follow the same procedures. This is my third subsystem where the 555 timer is at. It also has components such resistors, transistors, capacitors and a buzzer. I connected the circuit with black wiring to the negative and red wiring to the positive. Testing the circuits The method I used to test my circuit is voltmeter, logic probe and oscilloscope. I used the voltmeter to check the circuit has correct reading on each outputs and inputs. I used the logic probe to test the circuit by checking if the circuit has the correct readings. And I used the oscilloscope to make a sine wave when the alarm goes off. Firstly I tested my subsystem which had some faults in it. The faults which did not give any reading on the voltmeter, was some wires were misplaced. So after I correct my mistake the circuit was working the out of the circuit was an LED which lit up and I got reading on the voltmeter. In the first image the LED is lit up and the voltmeter reading is 1.88v but when the LDR I covered on the image on the right the LED switches off and the voltmeter reading decreases to 1.31v. The readings on the voltmeter, and LED switching on and off shows that the circuit is working correctly. My second subsystem had faults with it which I could not find a solution to it. I tried testing it with voltmeter and logic probe but the result was negative. So I decided to put my second subsystem with my third subsystem. I connected both circuits together and put the power on to find out that the buzzer is working but the Led wasnt lighting up. I tried replacing the LED quit few times to if the Led had a fault with it. I also had some minor problems with the wring but that was simple enough to fix. Putting all subsystem together I started to put the subsystems together by firstly connecting all three breadboards together, and then I connected to the power supply to one of the breadboard. I had to connect all three circuits so I cut out some wires and connected positive to positive and negative to negative so all the circuits are connected. So now to test the circuit I put the power supply on and then connected a voltmeter to check all the components in the circuit are working correctly. Then I connected the buzzer which was buzzing but did not stop until I disconnected the circuit and the LED did not light up either. To find the faults I went over the circuits to check for any faults. I did find some faults but they were just simple wring problems which I fixed with ease but the circuit still not work. After replacing some components the circuit was still not working. After doing all the tests I could do I decided to take out the second subsystem because it did not work when I was testing it but it worked with the third subsystem. As I removed the second subsystem the circuit started to work. I then check it with voltmeter to make sure the circuit was working correctly. The Led lit up too and went off when I covered the LDR.

Blake Recalls Innocence and Experience Essay

When attempting to penetrate into the deeper themes of William Blake’s cycle of poems â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience† it can be useful to recognize that the title of the poems, as well as the subsequent division into sections of innocence and experience carries ironic connotations. Blake’s intention in this cycle of poems, which he subtitled â€Å"Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul† (Ostriker, 1977, p. 104) was to posit the relationship of individual freedom and self-determination as being at one with Divine Will. Therefore, the state of innocence which is referred to in the cycle’s title as well as in the division of poems itself is meant to suggest — not ignorance which leads to innocence — but the innocence which is gained (or reclaimed) by the experience of the Divine. In fact the first poem in the â€Å"innocence† cycle, â€Å"Introduction† makes plainly manifest, Blake’s ironic use of the titular connotations of innocence and experience. The poem’s second stanza reads: Pipe a song about a Lamb; So I piped with merry chear, Piper pipe that song again— So I piped, he wept to hear (Ostriker, 1977, p. 104) The subtlety of Blake’s theme here is so accomplished as to be almost invisible when one reads the lines without carefully probing each word for its connotations. Special attention must be given to each word-choice to extract from the sing-song pleasantness of the poem, the resounding and profound thematic ideas which lay beneath the poem’s surface. The word â€Å"Lamb† for example is capitalized not only to emphasize the mythic and religious ideas which are an intimate part of Christian symbolism, but to inform the reader that â€Å"Lamb† is, indeed, the theme of the entire poem. The repeating of the word â€Å"piped† is intended to show that the Divine voice is always trying to break through to humanity; the line â€Å"So I piped, he wept to hear† reveals that this song of â€Å"innocence† is, in fact, a song of experience: the knowledge that humanity is blind to, or in this case, deaf to, the Divine voice. While Blake emphasizes a state of idealism in his â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience† nowhere does he proffer the idea of passive acceptance of the world’s injustices or pain. In fact, passivity to the world’s suffering is defined not in the poems of â€Å"innocence† but in a poem of â€Å"experience† where Blake’s verdict on the lack of empathy in the modern world could be made no more certain or clear. His poem â€Å"London† is a lament for precisely this idea of passive acceptance of world injustice and suffering: In ever cry of every man, In every Infants cry f fear, In very voice; in every ban, The mind-forg’d manacles I hear (Ostriker, 1977, 128). In these lines, the capitalized word â€Å"Infants† denotes a connection to the â€Å"Lamb† of th other poems: in Blake’s â€Å"Songs of Innocence and Experience† the lamb and the child are both symbols of the individuated self, and also of the Divine Will, which Blake, as mentioned, attempts to unify in his poetry. (Ostriker). The phrase â€Å"mind-forg’d manacles† is important because it shows how a lack of empathy and compassion or even concern for the world’s troubles is a function of ignorance, of a bad kind of â€Å"innocence† a worldly oblivion, which stands in sharp contrast to Blake’s idealized state of Divine innocence which is often frustrated by the materiality of ignorance of the world, but is nevertheless, an inheritance, according to Blake, which is due to every living individual on earth. The attainment of a state of ideal innocence in Blake denotes a state of self-awareness and self-identity which steps outside of the concerns of material wealth and social standing and relies purely upon the human heart as its gauge of success and its proximity to the Divine as a measure of its truth. Reference Ostriker, Alicia. 1977. â€Å"William Blake: The Complete Poems†. Penguin Books, New York.

Manistique Inc.

Manistique Inc. devised a safety compliance program within the organization whose aim is to train and monitor employees inducing low injury rates and higher safety compliance standards. Manistique offers rewards to employees with lower injury rates. The program was implemented on a large-scale throughout the organization amongst 83 plants. Without any statistical analysis it would be impossible to reach a conclusion as to whether the program has improvised the injury rates or not; however, individuals remark that there has been a slide in the injury rates depicting a favorable influence of the training program. The objective at Manistique is to standardize the program across the board so that there is ample saving on administrative costs incurred due to workplace injuries. Before this can be done so, the terms of the program have to be decided which will come in handy in convincing the management of the worthiness of this program. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the terms of the safety program and the most two important measures of safety rates: 1. Safety attitudes 2. Time lost due to injuries. Making use of historical information as well as data available from the last quarter, this paper will use statistical techniques to reach a conclusion as to whether the safety program has been successful in lowering injury rates. Analysis The report is attached with the original dataset provided for the analysis of this report. We shall begin by analyzing the correlations between the different variables in the dataset to ascertain a conclusion as to whether the program has really improved safety attitudes and improved the time lost in injuries or whether the change is statistically insignificant Correlation between safe training attitude (safetrain) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low positive value of the correlation co-efficient suggests that there is no significant relationship between the safety attitude and the actual number of workplace injuries i. e. the attitude has not helped the practical level of injuries incurred at Manistique. For a significant cause-and-effect relationship the value of the correlation coefficient should have been positively larger. i) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should not have been the case). The value is not significantly high (very close to 0), which suggests that safety standards have hardly any influence in lowering the number of deaths at Manistique. On the other hand it has slightly increased the number of injuries (correlation co-efficient is slightly positive). Thus, safety attitudes have not at all been effective in reducing the number of injuries. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: Again the negative value suggests that there is a negative relationship between safety attitude and disability days (the lower the attitude, the lower the disability days). However, the value of the correlation co-efficient is very small which negates any strong relationship between the two variables. Correlation between safety support from co-workers (safesupport) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation coefficient is positive. This suggests that the increased safety support from co-workers actually has a positivee influence as it results in a drop in number of injuries at Manistique. However the low value of the coefficient suggests no strong cause-and-effect relationship for the program implemented at Manistique. ii) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should not have been the case). This negates all possibilities of a favorable influence of the coworker safety in reducing the number of deaths at Manistique; in fact, the relationship is quite the opposite with a very small magnitude. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low negative value again brings the conclusion that there exists a negative relationship but the degree of influence is very meek. This brings about the conclusion that there is no significant influence of the co-worker support attitude on the number of disability days; it is quite the opposite. Correlation between safety support from co-workers (feelsafe) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should have been the case). However, the highly negligible value of the co-efficient suggests no significant relationship between a feeling of safety amongst the workers and the actual injuries at Manistique. ii) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation coefficient is positive (as should not have been the case). Increasing confidence held by a worker that he/she is safe does not decrease the number of injuries at Manistique; rather it increases it weakly. This is ample evidence for a lack of good relationship between the two variables. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low negative value again brings the conclusion that there exists a positive relationship but the degree of influence is very meek. This brings about the conclusion that there is no significant influence of the belief of safety held by a worker on the number of disability days. Conclusion Based on the calculations made in the above section, the conclusion that can be formed here is quite obvious and brief: the new safety compliance program at Manistique has no significant influence upon improving the number of injuries, fatalities or disability days at Manistique. The training program, co-worker support regarding the safety program or even the belief held by the workers that their safety has increased as a result of the program have no cause-and-effect relationship good enough to reduce the number of worker injuries, deaths and the number of disability days at Manistique. Moving barely above the 0. 1 correlation level, there is no need for statistical hypothesis testing methods to be employed in reaching the conclusion. At any confidence level, these values are sufficiently weak enough to conclude that the safety compliance program is of significant importance in saving administrative costs for Manistique by reducing the number of injuries, deaths or disability days at Manistique.

What Are the Different Chinese Dialects

There are many Chinese dialects in China, so many that it is hard to guess how many dialects actually exist. In general, dialects can be roughly classified into one of the seven large groups: Putonghua (Mandarin), Gan, Kejia (Hakka), Min, Wu, Xiang, and Yue (Cantonese). Each language group contains a large number of dialects. These are the Chinese languages spoken mostly by the Han people, which represents about 92 percent of the total population. This article will not get into the non-Chinese languages spoken by minorities in China, such as Tibetan, Mongolian and Miao, and all those subsequent dialects. Even though the dialects from the seven groups are quite different, a  non-Mandarin speaker usually can speak some Mandarin, even if with a strong accent. This is largely because Mandarin has been the official national language since 1913. Despite the large differences among Chinese dialects, there is one thing in common—they all share the same writing system based on Chinese characters. However, the same character is pronounced differently depending on which dialect one speaks. Lets take 我  for example, the word for I or me. In Mandarin, it is pronounced wo. In Wu, it is pronounced ngu. In Min, gua. In Cantonese, ngo. You get the idea.   Chinese Dialects andRegionality China is a huge country, and similar to the way in which there are different accents across America, there are different dialects spoken in China depending on the region: As mentioned earlier, Mandarin, or Putonghua, can be heard all over China as it is the official language. However, it is thought of as a northern dialect as it is mainly based off of the Beijing dialect.The Gan dialect can be heard in western parts of China. It is spoken particularly heavily in and near Jiangxi province.  Kejia, or Hakka, is the language of Hakka people who are spread out across pockets in Taiwan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Guizhou, and beyond.  Min is spoken in Chinas southern coastal province—Fujian. It is the most diverse dialect, meaning within the dialect group there are still many different variations on word pronunciation.Around the Yangtze Delta and Shanghai, the Wu dialect can be heard. In fact, Wu is also referred to as Shanghainese.  Xiang is a southern dialect concentrated in Hunan province.  Cantonese, or Yue, is also a southern dialect. It is spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, and Macau.   Tones A distinguishing feature across all  Chinese languages is tone. For instance, Mandarin has four  tones and Cantonese has six tones. Tone, in terms of language, is the pitch in which syllables in words are uttered. In Chinese, different words stress different pitches. Some words even have pitch variation in one single  syllable. Thus, the tone is very important in any Chinese dialect. There are many cases when words spelled in pinyin (the standardized alphabetical transliteration of Chinese characters) are the same, but the way it is pronounced changes the meaning. For example, in Mandarin, Ã¥ ¦Ë† (mÄ ) means mother,  Ã© © ¬ (mÇŽ) means horse, and  Ã© ªâ€š (mà  ) means to scold.